Gray Tuttle
HSEA G8100 Colloquium
Updated Spring 2016
Course overview:
Late imperial China was marked by a multi-ethnic tradition of rulership that built on the foundations of the so-called “conquest dynasties.” This course will survey the existing literature on the importance of Tibetan Buddhism as a religious ideology that was central to late imperial efforts at making China a multi-ethnic state. This ideology has served to link China with Tibetan and Mongolia regions of Inner Asia—through the imperial center at Beijing—for over seven hundred years. This tradition started with the Mongol Yuan empire and was adopted on and off during the Chinese Ming imperial period. The last emperors of China were ethnic Manchus who expanded the Qing empire to include Mongolia and Tibet. This class will also explore the connections between the imperial family and the Tibetan Buddhist lamas who were responsible for court rituals and diplomacy. There are no prerequisites to take the course.
Requirements Percentage of Final Grade
Participation 20%
Weekly response papers/ entry write ups 20%
Mid-term paper proposal (due 10/10) 20%
Final Project (draft due 11/30, presentations 12/04, Final due 12/13) 40%
Required Books (available at Book Culture)
Patricia Berger. 2003. Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China. U Hawaii Press.
Johan Elverskog. 2006. Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhists and the State in Late Imperial China. U Hawaii Press.
Most readings will be posted on courseworks, though these listed books are also on reserve in Starr Library.
Recommended Books
Susan Naquin. 2000. Peking: temples and city life, 1400-1900. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Evelyn S. Rawski. 1998. The last emperors: a social history of Qing imperial institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Academic Integrity
This course is taught in the spirit of the guidelines for academic integrity of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. I expect all work to be the original work of the student her or himself. Papers may be discussed with other members of the class but may not be copied in any part from the work of anyone else, including from printed or Internet sources.
Disability Support
Students with disabilities who will be taking this course and may need disability-related classroom accommodations are encouraged to see the instructors as soon as possible. Also, stop by the Office of Disability Services to register for support services.
Overview of Classes and Assignments
9/2 I. Overview and Foundations: In-class Introduction
9/9 Tibetan Buddhism in East Asian Courts (Minyak/Xixia model for Mongols)
II. Yuan
9/16 Overview, Legitimation
Start planning for final research paper, talk to professor about topics, interest, sources.
9/23 Tibetan Buddhist Art at the Court of the Yuan
9/30 “Tibetans” in Yuan China
III. Ming
10/7 Overview & The Fifth Karmapa
10/10 Mid-term: Two page term paper proposal with at least two page bibliography due
10/14 Centers & Periphery
IV. Qing
10/21 Overview
10/28 Legitimation & Multi-ethnic Rulership
11/4 No Class- Election Day
11/11 Tibetan Buddhist Intermediaries
11/18 The Qianlong Emperor
11/25 Imperial Capital & Wutai shan
11/28 Draft Papers due
12/2 Class presentations on your research
12/11 Final Paper due
9/2 I. Overview and Foundations: In-class Introduction (slide show & maps)
9/9 Tibetan Buddhism in East Asian Courts (Minyak/Xixia model for Mongols)
Patricia Berger. 1994. Preserving the Nation: The Political Uses of Tantric Art in China. In Latter Days of the Law: Images of Chinese Buddhism 85-1850. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas. pp. 89-125. 30pp.
Ruth Dunnel. The Hsia Origins of the Yüan Institution of Imperial Preceptor. Asia Major. Third Series, Vol. 5, part 1, 1992, pp. 85-111. 27pp.
Heather Karmay, Early Sino-Tibetan Art. Aris and Phillips. 1975: 35-42. 8pp.
Luciano Petech. 1983. Tibetan Relations with Sung China and the Mongols. In China among equals: the Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th-14th centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 173-204. 30pp.
Further Reading:
Elliot Sperling, Rtsa-mi lo-tsa-ba Sangs-rgyas Grags-pa and the Tangut background to early Mongol-Tibetan relations,” PIATS6 Oslo, 801-824.
—. “‘Lama to the King of Hsia’” The Journal of the Tibet Society, vol. 7, 1987, pp. 31-50.
II. Yuan
9/16 Overview, Legitimation
Johan Elverskog. 2006. Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhists and the State in Late Imperial China. Intro-Ch1 pp. 1-39. 40 pp.
Herbert Franke.1978. From tribal chieftain to universal emperor and god: the legitimation of the Yuan dynasty, Sitzungsberichte – Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. Munchen: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Focus on pp. 52-79. 28 pp.
Rinchen trashi. “Tibetan Buddhism and the Yuan Royal Court.” Tibet Studies. 1-26.
Optional Reading: See references and some scanned articles online.
Everding. Mongols States in 13th c. Tibet.
Pakpa’s Elucidation of the Knowable [Shes bya rab gsal] (trans by Constance Hoog)
Bareja-Starzynska, Agata. “A Brief Study of the Mongolian Transmission of the
Buddhist Treatise Ses bya rab gsal by ‘Phags pa bla ma Blo gros rgyal mtshan.”
Tractata Tibetica et Mongolica: Festschrift fur Klaus Sagaster zum 65.
Geburtstag. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, (2002). xxxi, 13-20.
Start planning for final research paper, talk to professor about topics, interest, sources.
9/23 Tibetan Buddhist Art at the Court of the Yuan
Jing, Anning, 1994. The Portraits of Khubilai Khan and Chabi by Anige (1245-1306), a Nepali Artist at the Yuan Court, Artibus Asiae 54(1-2), 40-86. 47pp.
Jing, Anning. Anige, Himalayan artist in Khubilai Khan’s court. Asian Art & Culture v. 9 (Fall 1996) p. 30-43. 14pp.
Heather Karmay, Early Sino-Tibetan Art. Aris and Phillips. 1975: 1-3, 21-27, 42-54. 26pp.
Herbert Franke. Consecration of the “White Stupa” in 1279. Asia Major VII (Third series) (1):155-184. 30pp.
Wyatt & Wardwell. When Silk Was Gold: Central Asian and Chinese Textiles. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 95-101. 6pp.
Further Reading:
Yael Bentor In praise of Stupas: The Tibetan eulogy at Chia-yung-kuan. Indo-Iranian Journal 38 (1995). pp. 31-54.
Swart, Paula. “Buddhist Sculptures at Feilai Feng: A Confrontation of Two Traditions.” Orientations 18 (Dec. 1987), pp. 54-61.
Optional Reading: van der Kuijp, “Mongols and Kalacakra”
9/30 “Tibetans” in Yuan China
Herbert Franke. 1983. Tibetans in Yüan China. China under Mongol rule. 33pp.
Igor de Rachewitz, Hok-lam Chan, Hsio Ch’i-ch’in, and Peter W. Grier, eds. ‘Phags pa entry. In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol Period (1200-1300). Harrassowitz, 1993. Also includes biographies of 37 people, including one of Sanghe (see Sang-ko below).
Herbert Franke.1985. Sha-lo-pa (1259-1314), a Tangut Buddhist monk in Yüan China, Religion und Philosophie in Ostasien, Festschrift für Hans Steininger zun 65. Geburstag. Wuurzburg: Könighausen & Neumann. 22pp.
Luciano Petech. 1980. Sang-ko, a Tibetan statesman in Yüan China. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientarium Hungaricae 34:193-208.16pp.
Herbert Franke.1984. Tan-pa, a Tibetan lama at the court of the Great Khans, Orientalia Venetiana, Volume in onore di Leonello Lanciotti. Firenze: Leo s. Olschiki Editore. pp. 157-180. 34pp.
Further Reading:
Elliot Sperling. “Some Remarks on Sga A-gnyan Dam-pa and the Origins of the Hor-pa Lineage of the Dkar-mdzes Region,” in Ernst Steinkellner, ed., Tibetan History and Language. Studies Dedicated to Uray Gÿeaza on his Seventieth Birthday, Vienna, 1991, pp. 455-465. 12pp.
Shen Weirong. 2004. Magic Power, Sorcery and Evil Spirit: The Image of Tibetan Monks in Chinese Literature during the Yuan Dynasty. The Relationship between Religion and State (chos srid zung ‘brel) in Traditional Tibet. Christoph Cüppers, Ed. Lumbini International Research Institute: Lumbini. 189-228.
Elliot Sperling. “A Note on the Chi-kyā Tribe and the Two Qi Clans of the Xining Region in the Ming,” in Samten Karmay and Philippe Sagant, eds., Les habitants du toit du monde, Nanterre, 1997, pp. 111-124.
Elliot Sperling. “The Ho Clan of Ho-chou: A Tibetan Family in Service to the Yüan and Ming Dynasties,” in Paolo Daffina, ed., Indo-Sino-Tibetica. Studi in onore di Luciano Petech, Rome, 1990, pp. 359-377.
Luciano Petech. “The Mongol Census in Tibet.” In Tibetan studies in honour of Hugh Richardson: proceedings of the International Seminar on Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 1979, 233-238. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips; Forest Grove, 1980.
David Jackson. “Sa-skya Pandita’s Letter to the Tibetans: A Late and Dubious Addition to His Collected Works.” The Journal of the Tibet Society 6 (1986): 17-24.
For further reference (not scanned as PDFs on courseworks, you would have to locate):
Herbert Franke. Comments on a Passage in the Hu-lan Deb-ther: The ‘Edict of Öleitü’ on the Punishment of Attacks against Tibetan Monks. in Indo-Sino-Tibetica: Studi in Onore di Luciano Petech. Paolo Daffinà, ed. Rome: Bardi. 1990. 137-152. 16pp.
Herbert Franke. 1987. The role of the state as a structural element in polyethnic societies. In Foundations and limits of state power in China. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
For those who read Japanese (see previous week’s coursework postings for these PDFs):
Nogami_Sanga & Yang Lianzhenjia
Shoju Inaba_Imperial Preceptors from the Khon Family
III. Ming
10/7 Overview & The Fifth Karmapa
David Robinson. The Ming Court and the Legacy of the Mongols. The Ming Court in Eurasia. 30pp text + notes.
Elliot Sperling. “Did the Early Ming Emperors Attempt to Implement a ‘Divide and Rule’ Policy in Tibet?” in Ernst Steinkellner, ed., Contributions on Tibetan Language, History and Culture. Proceedings of the Csoma de Kőrös Symposium Held at Velm-Vienna, Austria, 13-19 September 1981, Vienna, 1983, pp. 339-356. 18pp.
Elliot Sperling. 1980. The 5th Karma-pa and some aspects of the relationship between Tibet and the early Ming. In Tibetan Studies in honour of High Richardson: Proceedings of the International Seminar of Tibetan Studies, Oxford 1979. Warminster: Aris & Philips Ltd. 280-290. 11pp.
Patricia Berger. 2001. Miracles in Nanjing: An imperial record of the Fifth Karmapa’s visit to the Chinese capital. In Cultural intersections in later Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i. 145-166. 22pp.
Jonathan A. Silk. 1996. Notes on the History of the Yongle Kanjur. In Suhrllekhah: Festgabe für Helmut Eimer. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tiebtica Verlag.
Heather Karmay, Early Sino-Tibetan Art. Aris and Phillips. 1975: 55-99. 44pp.
Robert Linrothe. Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting. London: Serindia. Skim 10-40; read 56-59, 67, 69, 80-82. 20pp.
Further reading:
Peter Perdue. 2005. China Marches West, Harvard UP, 51-74. Offers an orientation to Asia-wide politics of the times.
Elliot Sperling. 1983. Early Ming Policy Toward Tibet: an examination of the proposition that the early Ming emperors adopted a ‘Divide and Rule’ policy toward Tibet. Ph.D., Indiana University.
—. “The 1413 Ming Embassy to Tsong-kha-pa and the Arrival of Byams-chen chos-rje Shakya ye-shes at the Ming Court,” The Journal of the Tibet Society, vol. 2, 1982, pp. 105-108.
10/10 Mid-term: Two page term paper proposal with at least two page bibliography due
10/14 Centers & Periphery
Susan Naquin. 2000. Peking: temples and city life, 1400-1900. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3-56, 109-137, 149-161, 208-214. 100pp.
Elliot Sperling. “Ming Ch’eng-tsu and the Monk Officials of Gling-tshang and Gon-gyo,” in Lawrence Epstein and Richard F. Sherburne, eds., Reflections on Tibetan Culture: Essays in Memory of Turrell V. Wylie, Lewiston, N.Y., 1990, pp. 75-90.
Tomoko Otasaka. 1994. A Study of the Hong-hua-si Temple. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko. 52: 69-101. 33pp.
Karl Debreczeny. Sino-Tibetan Artistic Synthesis in Ming Dynasty Temples. Tibet Journal. 28: 49-107. 30pp text+images.
Marsha Weidner. 2001. Imperial engagement with Buddhist art and architecture: Ming variations on an old theme. In Cultural intersections in later Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu: Univesity of Hawai’i. pp. 136-139. 4pp.
Further Reading:
Elliot Sperling. “Notes on the Early History of Gro-tshang Rdo-rje-’chang and Its Relations with the Ming Court,” Lungta vol. 14, 2001, pp. 77-87.
Sperling, Elliot. “The Szechuan-Tibet Frontier in the Fifteenth Century. Ming Studies 26 (Fall 1988).
For those who read Japanese:
Ming Dynasty Lamaism in Beijing (Mingdai Beijing Lama jiao, in Japanese)
IV. Qing
10/21 Overview
Evelyn S. Rawski. 1998. The last emperors: a social history of Qing imperial institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press. 244-262. 19pp.
Samuel M. Grupper. 1984. Manchu Patronage and Tibetan Buddhism during the First Half of the Ch’ing Dynasty: a review article. The Journal of the Tibet Society 4:47-74. 27pp.
Kam, Tak-sing. The dGe-lugs-pa Breakthrough: The Uluk Darxan Nangsu Lama’s Mission to the Manchus. Central Asiatic Journal. 44:2 (2000) p. 161-176. 16pp.
Johan Elverskog. 2006. Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhists and the State in Late Imperial China. Ch3-4, pp. 63-126. 64pp.
(Continued on next page)
Vladimir Uspensky. The ‘Beijing Lamaist Center’ and Tibet in the XVII-early XX century. Tibet & Her Neighbours, pp. 107-117
Further Reading:
Peter Perdue. 2005. China Marches West, Harvard UP, Intro & Ch 1 pp. 1-50, Ch 3 pp. 94-109.. Offers an orientation to Asia-wide politics of the times: The rise of the Qing, Oirad Tibetan Buddhism, Mongol Unity. For origins of the Qing state, read: 109-129.
10/28 Legitimation & multi-ethnic rulership
Pamela Kyle Crossley.1992. The Rulerships of China. The American historical review, 1468-1483. 16pp.
David Farquhar . 1978. Emperor as Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Ch’ing Empire. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 38 (1): 5-34. 30pp.
Evelyn S. Rawski. 1998. The last emperors: a social history of Qing imperial institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press. Rulership: 197-201. 4pp.
Pamela Kyle Crossley.1999. A translucent mirror: history and identity in Qing imperial ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 221-246, 262-273.
Wu, Jiang. Section on Yongzheng as Chan Master, “Orthodoxy, Controversy and the Transformation of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-century China,” Harvard University PhD dissertation, 2002.
Optional:
Joanna Waley-Cohen. Religion, War and Empire-Building in Eighteenth Century China, International History Review, XX: 2 (Qing Colonialism Issue; June 1998), pp 336-352.
Ishihama Yumiko, Tibetan Buddhism in Early Qing Shengjing 盛京論文 (in Japanese), from Manchu Historical Research journal, 6:12 (2007). 1-39.
11/4 NO CLASS—Election Day
11/11 Tibetan Buddhist Intermediaries
Richard White, Middle Ground, “Introduction” (short) & as much as the chapter titled “Middle Ground” as you can (on reserve)
Gray Tuttle. “A Tibetan Buddhist Mission to the East: The Fifth Dalai Lama’s Journey to Beijing, 1652-1653.” In Tibetan Society and Religion: The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Bryan Cuevas and Kurtis Schaeffer, eds. Leiden: Brill, 2006; 65-87. 23pp.
James L. Hevia. 1995. “A multitude of lords: The Qing Empire, Manchu rulership and interdomainal relations,” in Cherishing men from afar: Qing guest ritual and the Macartney embassy of 1793. Durham N.C.: Duke University Press. 29-56. 28pp.
Sabine Dabringhaus.1997. Chinese Emperors and Tibetan Monks: Religion as an Instrument of Rule. In China and her neighbours. Weisbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag. pp. 119-133. 15pp.
Wang Xiangyun. 2000. The Qing court’s Tibet connection: Lcang skya Rol pa’i rdo rje and the Qianlong Emperor. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 60 (1):125-163. 41pp.
Patricia Berger. 2003. Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China. U Hawaii Press. pp. 1-33. 34pp.
Further Reading:
Gene Smith. 2001. The life of Lcang skya Rol pa’i rdo rje. In Among Tibetan Texts: History and literature of the Himalayan Plateau. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Peter Perdue. 2005. China Marches West, Harvard UP Ch4 pp. 133-161, Ch5 pp. 174-180, 190-200, Ch6 pp. 227-255, Ch7 264-270, 284-5, 297-9, Ch8 310-314.
11/18 The Qianlong Emperor
Patricia Berger. 2003. Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China. U Hawaii Press. 34-197.
Ishihama Yumiko. The Image of Ch’ien-lung’s Kingship as Seen from the World of Tibetan Buddhism. Acta Asiatica, 88. 49-64.
Mimaki. A Tibetan Index to the Pentaglot Dictionary from the Qing Dynasty. JIATS 1988, pp. 279-282. 4pp.
Suggested Reading: Terese Tse Bartholomew. 2001. Thangkas for the Qianlong Emperor’s seventieth birthday. In Cultural intersections in later Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i.
11/25 Imperial Capital & Wutaishan
Susan Naquin. 2000. Peking: temples and city life, 1400-1900. Berkeley: University of California Press. Imperial world: 302-316, Imperial Household: 331-353, Tibetan Buddhists: 584-591. 37pp.
Evelyn S. Rawski. 1998. The last emperors: a social history of Qing imperial institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press. Court society 17-37, private rituals: 264-285. 40pp.
Uspenskiy, Vladimir L. Prince Yunli (1697-1738) Manchu statesman and Tibetan Buddhist. 1997. Introduction.
Mark Elliot. 2001. The Manchu Way. Stanford UP. 98-105.
Anne Chayet. 2004. Architectural Wonderland: An Empire of Fictions. In James Millward, et al. eds. New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. pp. 33-52. 20pp.
Gray Tuttle. “Tibetan Buddhism at Wutaishan in the Qing.” Wutaishan and Qing Culture. Gray Tuttle and Johan Elverskog, guest eds, Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies. 6 (2011): 163-214. http://www.thlib.org/collections/texts/jiats/#!jiats=/06/tuttle/
Strongly Recommended:
Johan Elverskog. 2006. Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhists and the State in Late Imperial China. Ch5 & Epilogue, pp. 127-170. 34pp.
Rawski: “Book Culture in Qing Inner Asia”
Optional: Chandra: “The Manchu Canon”
Olivova, Lucie, “Tibetan temples in the Forbidden City (an architectural introduction) [the major Tibean-Buddhist sanctuaries in Beijing Zhongzheng Dian, Yuhua Ge, Yinghua Dian, the Cining Gong garden, Fanhua Lou etc.],” Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 71, no.3 (2003) 409-432.
Luo Wenhua_Yuhuage & Lamaistic Pantheon (in Chinese)
Philippe Forêt. 2000. Mapping Chengde: The Qing landscape enterprise. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i. 49-53, 116-138. 33pp
Wen-shing Zhou, JIATS article or: Art Bulletin article on Qing Map of Wutaishan. 30pp.
Further Reading:
Peter Perdue. 2005. China Marches West, Harvard UP, pp. 437-442.
Impact of Tibetan Buddhist art in Chinese art world:
Jonathan Hay, “Culture, Ethnicity, and Empire in the Work of Two Eighteenth-Century ‘Eccentric’ Artists,” Res 35 (Spring 1999).
12/1 Draft Papers due
12/2 Class presentations on your research
12/11 Final Paper due